noise figure calculator. Figure 4. noise figure calculator

 
 Figure 4noise figure calculator Noise Figure is the amount of noise that the DUT is adding in a 50 ohm test setup

everything RF has the largest selection of online calculators for the RF and Microwave Industry. The data shown here is from an Mini Circuits ROS-1310C+ Oscillator. 7dB noise figure corresponds to F=1. To calculate FM jitter for oscillators, you need to select Noise type=timeaverage +PM or. The sensitivity of a receiver can be calculated if one knows the following performance parameters: the noise figure (NF), the ENBW, and the carrier to noise ratio (C/N) required to achieve the desired quality signal. The purpose of the present paper is to present a consistent approach to modeling the noise figure of optical amplifiers and other optical components and to review noise figure measurement. Figure 2 shows a noise analysis diagram for an inverting op amp amplifier with the noise sources identified. Compute nonlinear effects such as output power, IP2, NF, and SNR using. This free online conversion is focused on Noise Figure. What is Noise Figure: Noise Figure is defined as the ratio of signal to noise ratio at the output to that at the input. Featured Examples. The noise figure is a bit trickier than gain to cascade through a block diagram and requires that noise figure (NF) in dB be converted to noise factor (F) and run through Friis’ formula for noise factor (F) 4. In my op-amp noise calculator, signal and noise are expressed as voltages, so I use the first formula. 2 ext{ dB} $ Notice the attenuator had very little effect due to the amplifier in front of it! This is the motivation for Low Noise Amplifiers (LNA) at the front-end of the receiver with very low loss components in front of it (typically a necessary filter). F is the ratio of input to. ADIsimRF is an easy-to-use RF signal chain calculator. 3. We only need. T ref T r e f = reference temperature. Lower the value of NF better is the performance of the system. You can convert phase noise to jitter (rms) for a specified offset frequency range, plot phase noise data and export results as a png, csv or PDF file. The default value is 16. Cascaded noise temperature is done just like with noise figure. Describe ventilation used, personal protection worn and administrative controls in place. Enter the prefix, symbol and value of the input and output impedances and get the noise figure in. This is the fourth tutorial in a series about pseudorandom surfaces. The amplifier is to be built by adding a low-noise first stage to an existing amplifier with existing characteristics as follows: Stage 2 has 20 dB power gain; 3 dB noise figure. For the power spectral density shown in. It is limited to amplifier measurements using the low-noise receiver provided with Option 029. The change in period between these two frequencies is 2 ps (that is, 1/99. Noise and Resolution Limited Images . Download today. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) • Considering the presence of noise, the important parameter for detection is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) • Factors have been added for processing gain Gp and loss L • Most radars are designed so that • At this point we will consider only two noise sources: 1. 99MHz - 1/100. 3dBA This means the sound source produces 78. Even without a full analysis, one can see that using NSD as the specification to determine the in-band usable dynamic range is particularly helpful for Σ- modulators. Balanced Attenuator Calculator. It receives the noise figure inputs (in dB) and power gain inputs (in dB) and accurately calculates the total noise figure and total gain of the cascaded circuit. We will next show that by scaling down the spectrum of n(t) properly, we can obtain the dBc value of L(f). Exposure calculators and ready-reckoners. This value is usually calculated by discounting any obstacles or reflections that might occur in its path. The number of stages can range from 2 to 30. M. The TMC261 from mmTron is a Power Amplifier MMIC that operates from 17. 99 MHz, respectively. Other products, however, may be used with the techniques discussed in this. 48kT, or about -177dBm/Hz $endgroup$ –Noise figure: Noise figure (F) is a standard way of measuring the noise level of an RF system above thermal noise. The aim of this article is to present the newly-developed noise figure calculator intended to be used in the condensed matter physics nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy systems. Figure 3. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is calculated by dividing the signal strength by the noise level. Divide the value in Step 2 by the total weights in Step 3, to obtain 1716 / 40 = 42. A1131 Figure 4. 6), or approximately 2. This causes the noise transfer function to have a nonflat shape that is notched lower over a narrow band of interest, smaller than the Nyquist. 5 = 103. The noise figure NF is defined as the noise factor in units of decibels (dB): where SNRi, dB and SNRo, dB are in units of (dB). Both vector and scalar noise calibrations are supported, as well as characterization of the noise receiver using a noise source or power meter. However, this is not possible. Determine the converter's noise power in a 1Hz bandwidth by subtracting (4) from (3). Communication System Design. 76 dB, where N is the ADC’s resolution. Noise Figure Measurement Using a Two-port Device. The ratio of the full-scale range to the rms input noise (rather than peak-to-peak noise) is sometimes used to calculate resolution. Min. Feel free to insert your own values. Stated another way, noise figure quantifies how much a DUT degrades the signal to noise ratio of a signal. It is sometimes just called the “covariance function” for short. In practice however the noise figure can be designed to be 8 dB or less. The calculator applies to different types. CMOS inverter: noise margins • Calculate VM • Calculate Av(VM) • Calculate NML and NMH Calculate VM (VM = VIN = VOUT) At VM both transistors are saturated: IDn = Wn 2Ln µnCox()VM −VTn 2 −IDp = Wp 2Lp µpCox()VDD −VM +VTp 2 VOUT VIN 0 0 V DD VILVM VIH VM VDD Av(VM) NML NMHTheory. Simulation. of Kansas Dept. Calculate the generalized form of noise figure from. When noise levels vary quite a bit or when workers are very mobile, use personal noise dosimeters to assess a worker’s noise exposure. The RF Budget Analyzer app analyzes the gain, noise figure, and nonlinearity of proposed RF system architecture. 600 into the calculator. Stage 3 is a resistor attenuator, G3 = −3dB and NF3 = 3dB. A description of each technique and its applicability follows. Using. The sensitivity is as follows: Sensitivity=10×log10 (kTB)+NF+C⁄N. The best sound absorbers are materials with sound absorption coefficients (α alpha α) close to one. Sound levels are generally expressed in decibels, which are logarithmic and so cannot be manipulated without being converted back to a linear scale. Mainly noise figure is used to verify the performance of the receiver. Calculate the received power from an antenna at a specific transmission frequency & antenna gains. Enter gain, noise figure, and P1dB to calculate cascaded system performance. Luis Hoyos. Calculators > Decibel Calculator Decibel Calculator. The variation of noise figure with the inversion parameter for different wavelengths equals 1555, 1570 and 1580 nm, the effect of the change wavelengths on a noise figure is a non-significant as observed from Fig. g. The Standard Deviation. It receives the noise figure inputs (in dB) and power gain inputs (in dB) and accurately calculates the total noise figure and total gain of the cascaded circuit (for example, multistage-amplifier). Figure 2 shows a noise analysis diagram for an inverting op amp amplifier with the noise sources identified. Noise Dose: Percent of PEL to which worker exposed. 5 dB), total loss is 2. In a like manner, we can calculate IIP3 IM3 = 1 = 3 4 a3 a1 S2 i IIP3 = Si = s 4 3 a1 a3 A. NOISE FIGURE CALCULATOR. In the case of the first two stages (preselector and amplifier), the noise figure (NF) can simply be added in dB as shown in Figure 2. The noise exposure calculators can help you work out your daily noise exposure, weekly noise exposures, and estimate the performance of hearing protection. An 85 dBA 8-hour TWA equals 50%. Cascaded Noise Figure Calculator Calculate the input referred noise figure for cascaded stages. Classified by their potential to reduce noise in decibels (dB), a term used to categorize the power or density of sound, hearing. The optimum receiver for BPSK in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise is shown in Figure VI-3. Once the output noise is known, the overall noise figure F SYS for the system can be calculated as F 1 + (F 2 -1)/G 1. testing noise levels. The following measurement guidelines. iTunes rating: 3. Simply observe that the input generators (v2 s and vg2) see a gain of G2m to the output. Where ENR is the excess noise ratio which can be found in a table on the noise source itself or on its datasheet. The noise figure and power gain of the i th branch are NF i and G i, where a i is the voltage gain, which contains amplitude and phase change in each branch. Cascaded Noise Figure Calculator Calculate the input referred noise figure for cascaded stages. The last step is to calculate the resistor noise, E. Once the simulation has been run, the data is available on the display panel. frequency (a) at an amplifier’s input and (b) at its output. Cart. Noise Figure (NF) = 10 * log (noise factor) dB. 4. Performance parameters are installed for all signal op amps. 4949 dB. Values will immediately be calculated upon changing an input field. The sensitivity of a receiver can be calculated if one knows the following performance parameters: the noise figure (NF), the ENBW, and the carrier to noise ratio (C/N) required to achieve the desired quality signal. If you begin with a system at room temperature (290 K) and add a component at the input that itself has a noise temperature of 290 K, the doubling of noise power increases the overall noise figure by 3 dB (2*290-290=290). Figure 1. Just enter the value and click calculate. It is the output power when a signal is concentrated into a smaller area by the Antenna. Next, determine the noise floor (dB). -163. It calculates Cascaded Gain, Noise Figure, IP3, P1dB and Power Consumption. Cascaded Network: A receiver systems usually consists of a number of passive or active elements connected in series, each element is defined separately in terms of the gain (greater than 1 or less. 40 GHz. More News Noise Calculators Terms & Conditions Help. 4. The maximum Noise Figure of the receiver when is given the required Sensitivity and the required Bandwidth: Receiver_Noise_Figure[dB] = 174 + Receiver_Sensitivity[dBm] – 10*LOG(BW[Hz]) – SNR[dB] As can be seen from the formula above, narrow Bandwidth and smaller SNR will relax the required receiver Noise Figure requirements. N2e = (F2 − 1)kT0BG2 (4. Noise Factor (F) is the ratio between SNR in to SNR out, and as we know that SNR out is always small; therefore, F is always higher than 1. Calculate KTB for B = 1Hz (equal to -174dBm at room temperature). Calculating the noise figure for an ADC is even more of a challenge, as will be seen shortly. The calculator will accept sound levels between 40 and 140 dB. audio file size = 423,460,000 bits * (1 byte / 8 bits) * (1 Megabyte / 1,000,000 bytes) audio file size = 52. Higher the G/T ratio, better is the sensitivy of the system to withstand against weak input. S out = Signal level at output. Use the EM Talk noise figure calculator to determine the overall noise figure for a cascaded N-stage amplifier/system. Dosimeters average noise levels over time and calculate a noise dose. Reflected_Power [W] = Incident_Power [W] 2* Γ Power_Absorbed_by_the_Load [W] = 4 * Incident_Power [W] * [VSWR/(1+VSWR2)] Characteristic_Impedance Zo = L / CRadar Equation Theory. Thermal noise in a 50 Ω system at room temperature is -174 dBm / Hz. This online minimum detectable signal calculator calculates the minimum. It is the increase in noise power of a device from the input to the output that is greater that. If you want a weighted (e. Since it is represented in a. Last modified by: Kelley, Redmond C. 5 hours in 90 dBA and 5. The noise temperature is directly proportional to the temperature in degrees Kelvin. This step is necessary because the thermal. Image courtesy of Towards Data ScienceNoise factor, noise figure, noise floor, thermal noise power, noise temperature, white noise, colored noise. Because I sc = -I s + I n +V n Y s, it follows that the mean square of I sc is given by equation 20: Because noise from the source and noise from the two-port network are uncorrelated: and equation 20 reduces to:Figure 2. Phase noise. N in is the noise level at the input, S out is the signal level at the output. Number of photons per pixel increases from left to right and from upper row to bottom row. Noise Figure Measurement Using a Two-port Device. Figure 4 shows a zoomed in plot of the noise floor for a high speed, bandpass, Σ- ADC. Noise Figure • Noise Figure Figure 1-2. 981 ∗ 10 − 18 mW Hz. The number of stages can range from 2 to 30 stages. It is because of the pressure of a sound wave. With gain measurements of the DUT, these noise power parameters are used to calculate noise figure. Noise Figure could also be impacted by narrow frequency response of the DUT affecting the power integration bandwidth. 90 dBA 8-hour TWA equals a dose of 100%. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator Calculate dimensions and edge impedance for desired resonant frequency. IRA Calculator. Mixer Noise Figure Using 4-port Model L t S S kT S kT S kT S . In our example, we'd divide our intensity value, 10 -11, by 10 -12 to get 10 -11 /10 -12 = 10. The overall. This is a quick and easy phase noise to jitter conversion tool. where . The figure 4. Measurement from a spectrum analyzer showing a noise-like measurement from an unspecified component. RF Noise Modeling. To learn more about acoustic terms that will help you to use and understand your noise measuring equipment better, check out our FREE guide to noise terminology. A noise reduction rating, also sometimes referred to under the umbrella term of “hearing protection rating,” can be a confusing concept. Using the calculator above, the noise figure can be as high as 29 dB. The fundamental idea is that in an electronic system at a given temperature, there is a certain amount of noise due to random thermal motion. Noise in Cascaded Amplifiers 1 2 3 1 3 F 1,G 1 F 2,G 2 ≡ F 1+2,G 3 1 2 1 3 3 1 1 where S S N S N. Increasing the gain, we can completely get rid of the noise contribution of the mixer. Niknejad University of California, Berkeley EECS 142 Lecture 11 p. Unequal-split Power Divider Calculator. Figure 4 above shows the . 12/29 – p. The noise figure calculator determines the noise figure, a measurement of a device's contribution to the overall noise of the system in which it is installed. Disclaimer: Qorvo makes no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, or reliability of the tools on this web page. The number of stages can range from 2 to 30 stages. 981 ∗10−18mW Hz S n = 10 − 174 10 mW Hz = 3. Noise Figure is a decibel (dB) measure of an. A tool to calculate the measurement uncertainty of a device based on its characteristics and the specifications of the measurement system. To begin, divide by 10 -12 (0. Employee works for 2. Relation between RMS Jitter and Phase NoiseToo Noisy Pro. Values will immediately be calculated upon changing an input field. -160. Calculate the generalized form of noise figure from. 5dB and NF1 = 2. Overall, RMS values give us a way to describe how noise signals combine. The sensitivity of a receiver can be calculated if one knows the following performance parameters: the noise figure (NF), the ENBW, and the carrier to noise ratio (C/N) required to achieve the desired quality signal. The following steps outline how to calculate the Receiver Sensitivity. EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) is the measured radiated power of an antenna in a specific direction. 9 stars, $4. K is boltzmann's constant with value of 1. 38 10-23 J/K, Boltzmann constant. Figure 3: Input Voltage Noise for the . Therefore, the value of Noise Figure is 0. Receiver Noise Level RF Chain Calculator ©2011 Redmond Kelley (redmond@ou. Stage 2 is an LNA, G2 = 15dB and NF2 = 1dB. The Y Factor Technique for Noise Figure Measurements. Note: Find fH by taking the unity-gain bandwidth, f T, from the op-amp data sheet and dividing it by the noise-gain, 1/β: Figure 4. This equation defines the signal power in dB·Watts that is. The further away you are from the sound source, the lower the perceived sound intensity. The SNR ratio of more than 1:1 (greater than 0 dB) indicates more signal power. The overall. 10M. Compute the total noise and gain of cascaded amplifiers with this online tool. The user specifies the op amp, temperature, spot noise frequency and. This vent noise calculator is based on the API 521 noise estimation method, and allows the user to estimate the sound pressure level at 30 metres, as well as at any user specified distance (within the limitations of the method) by following these steps: Calculate pressure ratio and estimate sound intensity. Cascaded Noise Figure Calculator. 5. For a noiseless receiver, N i = 0, noise factor F=1 and NF=0 dB. Equation 13. Friis's formula is used to calculate the total noise factor of a cascade of stages, each with its own noise factor and power gain (assuming that the impedances are matched at each stage). 4) Calculate required component values: Note: Damping factors much greater than 1 may cause unacceptably high attenuation of lower frequen-cies whereas a damping factor much less than 0. The following formula is used to calculate the thermal noise power. Using this equation, we can calculate the ADA4622-2 total rms noise with a simple 1 kHz, low-pass RC filter on the output to be 495. Calculate the output signal-to-noise ratio S/N o from the ratio of P so and P no (2-19). If the amplifier is noise free, then the input noise and signal powers are amplified by the power gain of the amplifier, . In this case, you will obtain 1716 dB hours. Both vector and scalar noise calibrations are supported, as well as characterization of the noise receiver using a noise source or power meter. 000000000001). Noise Factors for Cascaded Amplifiers (NFCA) Loss (negative gain) can be used for the gain value of attenuators or transmission line loss, etc to calculate the noise out of the installation as shown in the following equation: (ratio form) [6]The result is a value called the root mean square (RMS) deviation of the noise or RMS value. 12/29. 9 ohms. It’s also possible to use an ac voltmeter or a power meter to measure a UUT noise output power. • calculate system noise temperature T RX T L LT LNA T sys)280 (1. SNR (Signal-to-noise ratio) is a ratio of signal power level to the noise power level. Dimension: 0. • Personnel information. Cutoff Frequency of Lowest Order Mode: 6. Reset. The basic formulae are: Noise temperature (T) = 290 * (10^ (Noise Figure/10)-1) K. Enter 90 dBA, 2 hours and 30 minutes for location 1 and 85 dBA, 5 hours, and 30 minutes for location 2. Transmit Power (Pt) Transmit Antenna Gain (Gt) dBi. 715 = (2. ally unknown. 7 bits. The number of stages can be varied up to a maximum of 20. The Noise Figure is noise factor expressed in decibels (dB). To find the input-referred noise, it is easiest in some cases to find the output noise and then divide by the signal gain of the amplifier. Figure 4. OP177 . 07dB / K T RX 75 1. Figure 1: ASE spectra of forward and backward ASE in a forward-pumped ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier, calculated with the RP Fiber Power software. the input noise spectral density of the device, it is a simple matter to plug it into Equation 2 and calculate F. RF calculations and conversions include metric-standard, link. For more on noise figure vs noise temperature, refer following link. Antenna Separation (R). Calculate the maximum noise figure (in dB) that the first stage can have. Noise exposure calculator. Feel free to use the calculator and verify the results using the previous SNR formulas. It would be true, but there are some portions of noise that is generated by a component (DUT) itself. Thermal Noise Calculator. The higher the NRR value, the greater the noise reduction rating. Calculating the Noise Figure in an Example Circuit. Noise Dose: Percent of PEL to which worker exposed. In addition, the filter has a loss of 1 dB. Example 2: not putting the LNA at the antenna$egingroup$ An amplifier with a noise figure F (power ratio, not dB) is equivalent to a noiseless amplifier with a noise power spectral density of (F-1)kT added at the input. Consider a two-port device connected to a source resistance, R, at a temperature of T, as shown below in Figure 1. e it is a way to express noise in terms of an equivalent temperature. Select a specific integration bandwidth for you integrated phase noise and let our jitter calculator do the rest! Calculate and. When both carrier and noise are measured across the same impedance, this ratio can equivalently be given as: where and are the root mean square (RMS) voltage levels of the carrier signal. This noise model lets you calculate the amplifier noise figure. 4. (a). Third Order Filters A third order filter ideally yields an attenuation of 18 dB perSound Level and Noise Exposure Calculators. Solution: dB power = 87 + [20 × 0. It is possible to relate the 1/f noise measured in the 0. Interpret the Result : The calculated SNR value represents the quality of the signal. 2. A higher SNR indicates a cleaner and more robust signal, while a lower SNR suggests a signal that may be susceptible to interference or noise. The OSHA NRR method is as follows:The link budget is an impotant value that enables engineers to design systems based on the required sensitivity of a receiver at a particular distance. 1. Created Date:The PNA-X noise figure uncertainty calculator runs on a PNA-X or an external Windows®-based PC. The result is 78. electronics have additional noise. 86 mm] x 0. It follows from the equation that the noise of the first stage contributes more to the total noise figure. This provides a more accurate depiction of the health of the wireless signals. NOISE • noise voltage • independent of frequency, “white” noise un 4kTBR 2 k = 1. Click here to go to our calculator page to check out our three-stage cascade calculator. 7 GHz. A Time Weighted Average noise exposure calculator that works out the workers TWA in line with the OSHA regulations. On the right is a screen shot of a calculator that was created to make quick work of predicting noise using these equations. What we really want to know is the readout noise in electrons. Cascade Calculator. Noise temperature is the noise power of a component that is introduced into a system i. As mentioned earlier, the NRR on an HPD can’t be taken at face value as it only indicates the number of decibels the device can attenuate under ideal lab conditions. areas. 557 GHz. It calculates signal levels, distortion and noise for signal chains with up to fifty elements. Calculator uses the Friis equation for N Stages. This is an online calculator that calculates Thermal Noise Power based on Temperature and Bandwidth. The Noise Factor is the ratio of the signal-to-noise ratio at the input to the signal-to-noise ratio at the output SNRin SNRout SNR in SNR out. This NRR calculator follows the US OSHA method. Figure 2. 10 -3. Learn the definition, formula and application of noise temperature in RF systems and circuits. This calculator will be used in the examples to follow. In some cases, a noise figure equivalent is given in dB (for transformation see Figure 1). Calculate the value of the resistors R1, R2 and R3 in a Tee-pad, Pi-pad and Bridged-Tee attenuator. For instance, if the noise factor of a system is F = 2 (or NF = 3 dB), we know that N o (added) is equal to kT 0 BG. Since i2 d flows partly into. For an amplifier consisting of two amplifier stages, where the noise factor of each one is known, one can calculate the noise factor of the combined amplifier:A typical series of cascaded amplifiers is shown in Figure 3. See page 30 for additional discussion. Although the quantity F in equation (2-1) has. Conversions: nf = 10 NF/10 ↔ NF (dB) = 10 * log 10 (nf) See cascade calculations for NF, IP2, IP3, and P1dB. Unused stages should be zeroed. It is a useful parameter to determine how much the signal is reduced at the output because of the presence of noise. These radio frequency calculators help with unit conversion, attenuator design, antenna design, radars, and various other basic calculators. The older Agilent 8970 series noise figure meters had a fixed 4 MHz bandwidth that it measured noise power over. Figure 36: Probability Density of Decision Statistic for Binary Phase ShiftENOB is based on the equation for an ideal ADC’s SNR: SNR = 6. It is often expressed in decibels (dB) using the formula: SNR (dB) = 10 * log10 (signal / noise), where "signal" is the signal strength, and "noise" is the noise level. Based on Figure 9a and Figure 9c, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be calculated and is shown in Figure 9d. Since the drain current is injected into the input, it adds noise in shunt with the input noise current F > 1+ i2 d i2 s A. This tutorial is made with Unity 2020. The drain noise i2 d, though, requires a careful analysis. Noise temperature is a representation of noise in terms of the temperature. Add dB (dB plus) Noise level can be weighted according to a particular weighting curve as shown in below figure. 5dB. Noise Figure Meter/Analyzer is employed as shown in Figure 1. Permissible Exposure Level (PEL): Maximum allowable 8-hour TWA noise exposure (OSHA's limit is 90 dBA). To get the total noise, we must add the 1/f noise and the broadband noise together. 8-Hour Time-Weighted Average: Average noise exposure figured for an 8-hour period. Use this table to calculate the 8hr average. Notice that on the chart, the representative baseline does not. Here is how the Drain Current of Low Noise Amplifier calculation can be explained with given input values -> 11. Enter the Noise Figure and gain for each stage. Considering the second stage of the cascade in Figure 4. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. For example, your measured noise value (N) is 2 microvolts, and your signal (S) is 300 millivolts. calculate the total noise added by all the devices, and therefore, the effective noise floor. I = ( Δ p ) 2 2 ρ v w , 14. F SNR SNR S N GS GN N N N I O I I I IA A I == × ×+ =+ 1 . 18* (43-32))/2. References. Noise figure (NF) measures of degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), caused by components, such as amplifiers, in an RF signal. 1, the excess noise at the output of the second stage, due solely to the noise generated internally in the second stage, is. The integrated phase noise for a 5G NR waveform can be calculated by integrating the phase noise of the signal sources using the 6 kHz to 100 MHz integration bandwidth, as shown in Table 1. Unless a device is working at absolute temperate zero (-273 degree in celcius), there always are such a noise generated by an object itself. Noise-receiver linearity, compression, jitter, and temperature drift. Calculate the Noise Figure for. is the radar noise figure and is dimensionless, or has the units of w/w. Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Gain (dB) NF (dB) P1dB (dBm). **Note: All of our calculators allow SI prefix input. Noise temperature is very frequently used in satellite communication and hence it is often desired to convert noise figure to noise temperature and vice versa. Using the NRR Calculator. Receive Antenna Gain (Gr) dBi. 2.